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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume insects, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly precisely the exact same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to permit ants to pass between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using other organisms.8 It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect which are bred in the laboratory and released into the environment.
The released organism will strain and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and apparatus, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is known as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being used for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of their host plants. It's an important strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts insects, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often view website neglected to price effectively reduce pest densities on large commercial scales, without using pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to spread back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. But successful control by pesticides is not easy; the ideal formulation must be chosen, the timing is often critical, the procedure of application is important, adequate coverage and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides might be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this way, some of the most serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
